Next-Generation: Innovative Approaches in Mineral Discovery

By Benard I. Odoh,
Professor of Applied Geophysics,
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

In the 21st century, the mineral exploration industry is experiencing a profound transformation. The shift is being driven by the advent of next-generation technologies and innovative approaches that are significantly altering how we discover and extract mineral resources. These advancements are crucial not just for the mining industry but for the broader global economy, particularly in an era where critical minerals are essential for the transition to sustainable energy. This article delves into the key innovations reshaping mineral discovery, highlighting specific examples, data, and trends that define the current and future landscape.

1. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mineral Discovery

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game-changer in mineral exploration. By leveraging AI and machine learning, geoscientists can now process vast amounts of geological data at unprecedented speeds. This capability allows for the identification of patterns and anomalies that could indicate the presence of mineral deposits, even in regions previously deemed unviable for exploration.

For instance, Goldspot Discoveries, a Canadian company, has successfully used AI to predict mineral deposits, reducing exploration costs by up to 40%. Their AI platform processes data from previous drilling projects, geophysical surveys, and geological maps to pinpoint new exploration targets with high precision. This technology has led to the discovery of new gold deposits in areas such as the Abitibi Greenstone Belt in Canada, one of the world’s richest gold-mining regions.

In another example, Minerva Intelligence, an AI-focused company, has developed AI-driven software that interprets geological data to identify mineralization patterns. Their approach allows exploration companies to uncover hidden mineral deposits in complex geological settings. The use of AI in mineral discovery is not just about increasing efficiency; it is about unlocking resources that would have otherwise remained hidden.

One of the most notable applications of AI is in the analysis of geochemical data. Traditional geochemical analysis often involves the manual interpretation of thousands of data points, a time-consuming and error-prone process. AI can automate this process, identifying subtle geochemical signatures associated with mineralization. For example, AI can analyze soil samples for trace amounts of metals, which could indicate the presence of a larger, deeper deposit.

According to a report by Global Market Insights, the AI in mining market was valued at approximately USD 200 million in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 30% from 2021 to 2027. This rapid growth highlights the increasing reliance on AI to enhance mineral exploration efforts globally.

2. Remote Sensing and Geophysical Innovations

Remote sensing technology has long been a staple in mineral exploration, but recent advancements have taken it to new heights—literally. Satellites equipped with hyperspectral imaging sensors can now detect mineral deposits from space. Hyperspectral imaging works by capturing a wide spectrum of light reflected off the Earth’s surface, with each mineral reflecting light differently. By analyzing these light signatures, geoscientists can identify the presence of specific minerals without ever setting foot on the ground.

One of the leading examples of remote sensing in mineral exploration is the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Sentinel-2 mission. The mission’s satellites provide high-resolution imagery across 13 spectral bands, allowing for the detection of mineral deposits across large, remote areas. Sentinel-2 has been instrumental in identifying new mineral prospects in Africa, South America, and Asia.

In addition to satellite-based remote sensing, drone technology has revolutionized on-the-ground exploration. Drones equipped with multispectral cameras can cover vast areas quickly and efficiently, capturing high-resolution data that can be analyzed in real-time. These drones are particularly useful in difficult-to-access regions, such as mountainous or densely forested areas, where traditional exploration methods are challenging and costly.

The global drone market in mining is projected to reach USD 4.03 billion by 2025, with a CAGR of 28.4%, according to a report by Grand View Research. This growth underscores the increasing adoption of drones in mineral exploration and their potential to transform the industry.

Geophysical methods, such as airborne geophysical surveys, have also seen significant advancements. Techniques like electromagnetic (EM) surveys, gravity surveys, and magnetotelluric (MT) surveys are being refined to offer greater depth and resolution. These methods are particularly effective in detecting buried mineral deposits, especially in regions where the surface geology provides little indication of what lies beneath.

For instance, in Australia, a country renowned for its mineral wealth, airborne geophysical surveys have been used to discover new deposits of copper, gold, and rare earth elements. These surveys involve flying aircraft equipped with advanced sensors over large areas, measuring variations in the Earth’s magnetic field or electrical conductivity. The data collected is then processed using AI and machine learning algorithms to identify potential targets for further exploration.

3. Big Data and Cloud Computing in Exploration

The rise of big data has had a profound impact on mineral exploration. The sheer volume of data generated during exploration activities, from drilling logs to geophysical surveys, requires powerful computational tools for storage, analysis, and sharing. This is where cloud computing comes in.

Cloud-based platforms allow geoscientists to store and analyze vast amounts of geological data in real-time, enabling collaboration across teams located in different parts of the world. These platforms also facilitate the integration of data from multiple sources, such as seismic surveys, satellite imagery, and historical drilling records, providing a more comprehensive picture of the subsurface.

One example of a cloud-based platform in mineral exploration is Seequent’s Leapfrog software. Leapfrog uses cloud computing to create 3D geological models that can be shared and updated in real-time. This software has been widely adopted by exploration companies to improve decision-making and reduce the risk of costly errors.

The use of big data in mineral exploration is not limited to improving efficiency. It is also driving innovation in the way we approach exploration. For example, by analyzing historical data from past exploration projects, companies can identify trends and patterns that may have been overlooked. This retrospective analysis can lead to the discovery of new mineral deposits in areas that were previously considered uneconomical.

According to a report by Allied Market Research, the global cloud-based exploration and production software market is expected to reach USD 9.53 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 15.5% from 2020. This growth highlights the increasing importance of cloud computing in the mining industry and its role in driving next-generation exploration techniques.

4. Sustainable Exploration Practices

As the world becomes more environmentally conscious, the mining industry is under increasing pressure to adopt sustainable exploration practices. This shift is not just about reducing the environmental impact of mining; it is about rethinking the entire exploration process to minimize disruption to ecosystems and local communities.

One of the most promising developments in sustainable exploration is the use of bio-prospecting. This innovative approach involves using microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to detect and extract minerals from the Earth. These microorganisms can break down rock and soil, releasing the minerals trapped within them. Bio-prospecting is particularly effective in extracting precious metals, such as gold and platinum, from low-grade ores.

For example, researchers at the University of Adelaide in Australia have developed a bio-prospecting technique that uses bacteria to extract gold from ore. This method, known as bioleaching, has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of gold mining by eliminating the need for toxic chemicals, such as cyanide, which is traditionally used in the gold extraction process.

In addition to bio-prospecting, companies are increasingly adopting low-impact exploration methods. These include the use of portable drilling rigs that minimize surface disturbance, as well as the application of non-invasive geophysical techniques that reduce the need for extensive drilling.

The drive for sustainability is also influencing the types of minerals being targeted. Critical minerals, such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements, are essential for renewable energy technologies, such as batteries, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. As demand for these minerals grows, exploration companies are focusing on discovering new deposits in a way that minimizes their carbon footprint.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that the demand for critical minerals could increase by as much as sixfold by 2040, driven by the global transition to clean energy. This surge in demand underscores the need for sustainable exploration practices that can meet the world’s growing need for minerals without compromising environmental and social standards.

5. Public-Private Partnerships in Mineral Discovery

The challenges and opportunities presented by next-generation mineral discovery have led to greater collaboration between governments, research institutions, and the private sector. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are becoming crucial in funding cutting-edge research and development, particularly in the area of critical minerals.

One of the most successful examples of a PPP in mineral exploration is the Canadian government’s Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI). Launched in 2000, the TGI program brings together government, industry, and academia to conduct advanced geoscientific research aimed at discovering new mineral deposits. The program has been instrumental in revitalizing Canada’s mining sector, leading to the discovery of significant deposits of gold, copper, and nickel.

In Africa, PPPs are playing a key role in unlocking the continent’s mineral wealth. For instance, the African Union’s African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC) is working with governments and private companies to develop policies and strategies that promote sustainable mineral exploration and development. The AMDC’s goal is to ensure that Africa’s mineral resources contribute to economic growth and social development across the continent.

Nigeria, with its vast untapped mineral potential, stands to benefit greatly from such collaborations. By leveraging PPPs, the country can attract investment in next-generation exploration technologies, thereby unlocking new mineral wealth and driving economic growth. These partnerships can also help build local capacity, ensuring that Nigerian geoscientists and engineers are at the forefront of the industry’s technological advancements.

6. The Future of Mineral Discovery in Africa

Africa holds immense potential for the future of mineral discovery, with vast reserves of critical minerals, including cobalt, lithium, rare earth elements, and gold. These resources are essential for the global energy transition and the development of advanced technologies. However, unlocking this potential requires addressing several challenges, including infrastructure deficits, political instability, and the need for greater investment in exploration technologies.

The African continent is home to approximately 30% of the world’s mineral reserves, yet it remains underexplored compared to other regions. According to the African Development Bank (AfDB), Africa accounts for over 40% of the world’s gold, 90% of its chromium and platinum, and hosts significant deposits of bauxite, copper, and diamonds. Despite this wealth of resources, African countries have historically struggled to attract the necessary investment in exploration and mining.

One of the keys to unlocking Africa’s mineral potential lies in the adoption of next-generation exploration technologies. By leveraging AI, remote sensing, and big data analytics, African countries can more efficiently identify and develop their mineral resources. For instance, Ghana has begun incorporating AI and geospatial data in its exploration efforts, leading to the discovery of new gold deposits in previously underexplored regions.

Additionally, Africa’s critical minerals are of growing importance to the global economy, particularly as the world shifts towards renewable energy. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), for example, holds over 60% of the world’s cobalt reserves, a critical component in electric vehicle batteries. As demand for electric vehicles surges, the DRC’s role in the global supply chain becomes increasingly vital.

However, for Africa to truly benefit from its mineral wealth, there must be a concerted effort to address the infrastructure challenges that hinder exploration and mining activities. In many African countries, poor road networks, unreliable power supplies, and limited access to clean water are significant barriers to the development of mining projects. Public-private partnerships (PPPs), as mentioned earlier, can play a crucial role in addressing these infrastructure challenges. By collaborating with governments, international organizations, and private companies, Africa can develop the necessary infrastructure to support its mining sector.

Another critical factor in the future of mineral discovery in Africa is the need for political stability and good governance. The mining industry is highly sensitive to political risk, and unstable governance can deter investment and hinder exploration activities. Countries such as Botswana and Namibia have demonstrated that stable, transparent governance can attract significant investment in the mining sector. These countries have successfully developed their mineral resources while maintaining strong regulatory frameworks and minimizing the environmental and social impacts of mining.

On the other hand, countries like Zimbabwe and South Sudan, despite having significant mineral wealth, have struggled to attract investment due to political instability and inconsistent regulatory policies. For Africa to fully realize its mineral potential, governments must prioritize good governance, transparency, and the enforcement of regulations that protect both investors and local communities.

Africa also needs to invest in education and capacity building to ensure that its workforce is equipped to handle the demands of next-generation exploration technologies. Countries like South Africa and Nigeria, with their established universities and research institutions, have the potential to lead in this area. By fostering partnerships between academia and industry, African nations can ensure that their geoscientists, engineers, and technicians are at the cutting edge of exploration technology.

7. The Importance of Ethical Mineral Exploration

As the mineral exploration industry advances, it is crucial to recognize the importance of ethical practices in discovering and developing mineral resources. The growing demand for critical minerals, particularly in the technology and renewable energy sectors, has raised concerns about the social and environmental impacts of mining.

In many parts of the world, including Africa, mining activities have been associated with environmental degradation, human rights abuses, and conflicts with local communities. The concept of “conflict minerals” has gained prominence in recent years, highlighting the need for responsible sourcing of minerals such as cobalt, tin, and tantalum, which are often mined in regions plagued by conflict and human rights violations.

To address these concerns, the mineral exploration industry must adopt ethical practices that prioritize environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Companies engaged in mineral exploration should adhere to international standards, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas.

For example, the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) provides a certification system for responsible mining practices. Companies that adhere to IRMA’s standards are recognized for their commitment to ethical practices, which can enhance their reputation and attract investment from socially conscious investors.

Additionally, the growing trend of “green mining” emphasizes the importance of minimizing the environmental impact of mining activities. Green mining practices include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving water resources, and rehabilitating mined land to ensure that it can be used for other purposes after mining operations have ceased.

The concept of “circular mining” is also gaining traction, focusing on recycling and reusing minerals to reduce the need for new mining activities. This approach aligns with the principles of the circular economy, which aims to minimize waste and maximize the use of resources.

Companies that embrace ethical and sustainable exploration practices are more likely to gain the trust and support of local communities, governments, and investors. In turn, this can lead to more successful exploration projects and the discovery of new mineral deposits.

8. Conclusion: The Path Forward for Mineral Exploration

The future of mineral exploration is bright, driven by next-generation technologies and innovative approaches that are reshaping the industry. AI, remote sensing, big data, and sustainable practices are transforming how we discover and develop mineral resources, making exploration more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible.

As the world transitions to a more sustainable energy future, the demand for critical minerals will continue to grow. Africa, with its vast mineral wealth, is poised to play a key role in meeting this demand. However, realizing this potential requires addressing infrastructure challenges, ensuring political stability, and adopting ethical exploration practices.

Public-private partnerships will be crucial in unlocking Africa’s mineral wealth, providing the necessary investment and expertise to develop its resources responsibly. At the same time, governments must prioritize good governance, transparency, and education to ensure that Africa’s workforce is equipped to handle the demands of next-generation exploration technologies.

As we look to the future, it is clear that the mineral exploration industry is on the cusp of a new era. By embracing innovation and sustainability, we can ensure that mineral discovery not only meets the needs of today but also lays the foundation for a more prosperous and sustainable future for generations to come.

About the Author:

Benard I. Odoh is a Professor of Applied Geophysics at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. With extensive experience in geophysical research and mineral exploration, he is a leading voice in the field of geophysics and its applications in mining and environmental sustainability.